Corporate Governance and Ethics Mining of Minerals

Question: Portray about the Corporate Governance and Ethics for Mining of Minerals. Answer: Foundation Of The Company BHP Billiton is an Australian organization related with mining of minerals, metals and oil. As indicated by the market estimations of 2015, it is the universes biggest organization identified with mining and the fourth biggest organization in Australia concerning income. Preceding this report, BHP Billiton was Australias biggest organization as far as the income created by it. The organization was consolidated in the year 2001 as the consequence of a merger between Anglo-Dutch Billiton and Australian Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited. The piece of the organization, which is enlisted in Australia, is essentially recorded on Australian Securities Exchange. The worldwide central station of BHP Billiton and its Australian enlisted office is arranged in Melbourne, Australia. During the companys progress from the year 2001 the organization has effectively positioned offered and gained command over a large number of its opponent organizations, for example, petro sell vitality, WMC Res ources and Rio Tinto Group (Acharya et al. 2013). BHP Billiton works in more than 25 nations around the globe in the market of mining, gas creation, preparing and even creation of oil. The organization has more than 41,000 workers on its rundown as on March 2016. The organization had recorded 250 million barrels of oil, 230 measurement tones of ironore, 1.7 Million tons of copper and 40 metric huge amounts of coal (Market Realist 2016). BHP Billiton has a social arrangement of giving 1% of its three years normal benefit in programs dependent on network advancement. The organization has additionally made US$ 100 million gift to beneficent substances. It is one of the 90 organizations, which has been approved to concentrate and market non-renewable energy source on the planet (BHP Billiton, 2016). Rules For The Review With the end goal of the audit of dull execution of BHP Billiton Limited in the ongoing occasions, corporate administration standards and proposals gave by the ASX Corporate Governance Council are utilized. These core values give eight rules for better administration of an association (Council and Exchange 2014). The main rule is related with establishing a strong framework for the executives and keeping reconnaissance over its exercises. It is the obligation of the association to reveal the obligations and job of individuals from the administration board of trustees (Hermalin and Weisbach 2012). The subsequent rule gives us that the leading group of the organization must be successful and its arrangement as for size and obligation of appropriately playing out its obligations must be satisfactory. As indicated by the third rule, the dynamic done by the organization ought to be moral and reasonable. The fourth rule for better corporate administration gives that, the detailing of the companys budgetary undertaking must be finished by the organization with care and the organization ought to include a structure inside it to verify and ensure the honesty of such reports. The fifth core value gives that it is the ethical commitment of the organization to uncover in a reasonable and opportune way, m aterial issues identified with the organization. As indicated by the 6th rule, it is the ethical commitment of the organization to ensure the enthusiasm of the investors and offer help for the best possible execution of their privileges. The seventh rule of the code gives that the organization ought to make an intense framework to identify and dissuade dangers, the executives issues and with the end goal of inner control. The last rule of the code gives that it is the lawful and moral obligation of the organization to pay legitimate and only compensation to the workers as for the exertion given by them towards the organization (Council, 2014). The core values give by The Global Network of Director Institute towards great administration can likewise be considered to survey the exhibition of BHP Billiton restricted . These rules give about great administration regard to authoritative culture, duties, freedom of executives, divulgence of practices, assignment models, initiative, and hazard, relationship with the executives, correspondence, development and compensation. Both these codes gave by The Global Network of Director Institute and ASX Corporate Governance Council are essential to the achievement and development of any associations. The helpless administration of BHP Billiton Limited, which is majorly affecting its development, can be explored and investigated through examination with these standards and rules. The examination and utilization of these standards to that of the helpless administration of BHP Billiton Limited will give a superior image of what is turning out badly in the organization and how it tends to be changed (ArAs 2016). Basic Review Of The Organization As of late BHP Billiton Limited has been in news because of the low number of creation as for iron metal. The creation of iron mineral by the organization has allegedly fallen 6% year over year. The creation of copper by the organization likewise fell 6% alongside oil based good, which recorded a 15% year over year decrease underway (Bocken et al. 2013). As indicated by the creation report distributed by BHP Billiton, restricted the CEO of the organization Andrew Mackenzie said that the decrease underway is was expected to unbalancing of the market and the creation will improve throughout the following eighteen months. He included that the cost of copper and iron have been more fixed than they had accepted and they will keep on satisfying the need of the items through their creation. As indicated by the CEOs and the companys official site, everything is going easily for the organization. Actually, the future for the organization is somber and low creation and lower benefits are reflecting it. BHP Billiton Limited has endured lost $6.30 billion until June in the budgetary year 2016 when contrasted with the benefit of 1.81 billion the organization had made a year back. The earth in the short term is required to remain hard for the organization in the coming years. The development of the organization is accepted to stay low for the remainder of the year too. The choice of recording the organizations costly resources in the earlier year likewise hammed the advancement of the organization. BHP Billiton had additionally cautioned the investors that the isolated arrangement received by the organization will undoubtedly change because of the helpless state of the companys progress. When contrasted with the 124 pennies separated per share given by the organization in the earlier year the organization has this time declared just 30 penny for each offer profits for the investors. The absolute obligation upon the organization has additionally expanded 7% when contrasted with the earlier year and has ascended to $26.1 billion (Drexler,Black and Sparks 2015). These frustrating outcomes by the organization recommend that there are numerous inward issues inside the organization, which are pounding its development (Wintoki, Linck and Netter 2012). The executives of the organization are not acting capably towards the administration of the drawn out accomplishment of the organization and are being unequipped for tending to the requirements for the companys appropriate development. The constitution of BHP Billiton Limited accommodates the freedom of executives while taking choices. Nonetheless, the choices taken by the chiefs of BHP Billiton Limited isn't looking persuading and its appears as though they are altogether taking incorrectly choices which are influencing the development and progress of the organization. As indicated by the standards and rules talked about over, the improvement of the organization must be accomplished if the chiefs of the organization take free right choices without impact for some other source (Joseph, Ocasio and M cDonnell 2014). The prima faice perspective on the reports gave by the organization through its official site recommends that the organization has all zones identified with policymaking and quality of the supervisory crew secured. Be that as it may, an in dept investigation of the structure of the administration board of trustees of BHP Billiton Limited gives the view that the administration of the organization isn't talented and competent enough to help the development of the organization in conditions which are not in favor . The corporate administration rules give that the organization should have a compelling supervisory group and the structure of the board ought to be satisfactory to deal with the undertakings of the organization effectively and successfully (Nini, Smith and Sufi 2012). The selection method for the top managerial staff of an organization needs to clear and straightforward to take out the presence of any exploitative demonstration concerning designations. On paper the assignment and arrangement of chief strategies of BHP Billiton Limited is clear and straightforward. In any case, by and by, such standards are once in a while followed by the organization and the aftereffect of such untrustworthy acts are pondering the advancement and development of the organization. These standards not just assistance to help the development of business yet additionally keep up a feeling of straightforwardness in the organization, which makes the investors, and speculators have a sense of safety (McCahery, Sautner and Starks 2016). The choices taken by the executives of the organization ought to be founded on exact data and economic situations; they ought to approach proper and credible data about the market and ought to be sufficiently talented to comprehend its conditions. The choices taken by the chiefs of BHP Billiton restricted isn't ending up being sufficient and legitimized enough to improve the current circumstance in the organization. The mining market is hitting a new depressed spot each week and the chiefs of BHP Billiton Limited are not having the option to adapt of to the issue state of the market. This powerlessness to fix the issue is by the chiefs is in the end thinking about the terrible showing of the organization (Tricker 2015). The board ought to know about when to face challenge and when to play safe. The given economic situation of the mining and oil advertise doesn't take into consideration hazard, the market is so unc

How do the first five minutes of “Shane” and “Bram Stoker’s Dracula” establish genre and narrative Free Essays

string(40) these orange hues were fashionable. A classification is a particular type of media ware. It has trademark characteristics that are natural to crowds in light of the fact that a similar strategy is applied more than once. A classification capacities like a language and is utilized by film makers to guarantee a group of people can recognize and anticipate what is probably going to occur. We will compose a custom paper test on How do the initial five minutes of â€Å"Shane† and â€Å"Bram Stoker’s Dracula† build up sort and story? or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Classes can offer consoling consolation in an awkward circumstance; the shows are conspicuous for the most part through iconography, natural account, mise-en-scene, on-screen characters and style of portrayal. These arrangements of shows are continually renegotiated among industry and crowd. Sort can likewise be a method of working through significant fantasies and dread by the utilization of redundancy, variety and goals and can be thought of as â€Å"tidying up† the chaos of life. Account includes an essential structure (starting, center and end) and a fundamental choice on the class of story being told. It can infer the utilization of different codes to make or to uncover a character, to produce tension, to give setting and to advance the plot. Through story we become mindful of the way that every class contains certain regular components yet have various qualities. They may be told in various manners, styles, or from various perspectives. It is critical to know and comprehend the contrast among account and story. A story is a succession of occasions referred to accurately as the plot and account is the manner by which those occasions are assembled so they can be introduced to a crowd of people. Accounts include the accompanying; Technical codes, Verbal codes, Symbolic codes, Structure, Characters and struggle. Twentieth Century scholar Claude Levi Strauss proposed that all accounts must be driven forward by strife that was brought about by a progression of contradicting powers. He called this the hypothesis of Binary restriction, and it is utilized to portray how every fundamental power in an account has its equivalent and inverse. A few instances of these restricting powers are as per the following: great/insidious, light/dim, right/wrong and neediness/riches. He accepted that if this technique was utilized, a parity or goals could be accomplished. Accounts, so, must be about change, unsettling influence and confusion. Regularly stories will include the accompanying structure: Establishing an issue, Elaboration of the issue and goals of the issue. The idea of the issue and how it will be settled relies upon the class or type of the account, regardless of whether it includes tackling the puzzle, rebuffing the transgressor or acquiring the ideal article or individual. This carries me to the initial grouping, which can be the most significant second in a film. This is on the grounds that they are the primary pictures the crowd sees when the lights go down. These brisk sections structure an agreement plotting the filmmaker’s aims and setting up the desires for those viewing. The initial grouping can be the most activity pressed piece of a film; it makes anticipation and gets the crowd posing inquiries. This is the thing that the chief plans to accomplish, by getting the crowd to unknowingly pose inquiries he has picked up their consideration for the rest of the film. This can likewise be an opportunity to give the crowd a tester of what’s to stop by presenting characters and setting up subjects. The crowd will presently know about the class they are going to watch. The Western classification is generally well known with crowds far and wide just in light of the fact that its a simple kind to remember, we realize that westerns are anecdotal. They are set in west America and are focused on a specific time of American history, the years somewhere in the range of 1865 and 1890. â€Å"The Great Train Robbery† is a 1903 Western film. The film is just ten minutes in length, however is a high point in filmmaking and is viewed as the principal American western to recount to an anecdotal story. The film utilized various imaginative procedures, these included equal altering, camera development and area shooting. The film likewise utilized the principal container shots; pretty much every shot was a static since quite a while ago shot limiting the activity to the point of view of the camera at eye level. The plot was roused by a genuine occasion that happened on August 29, 1900, when four individuals from George Leroy Parker’s ‘Hole in the Wall’ posse stopped the No. 3 train on the Union Pacific Railroad tracks toward Table Rock, Wyoming. The crooks constrained the conductor to uncouple the traveler vehicles from the remainder of the train and afterward exploded the safe via the post office vehicle to escape with about $5,000 in real money. This can be connected back toward the western classification since it incorporates the lowlife; legend and the general setting you would hope to see a Western film in it is important in light of the fact that it recounts to an anecdotal story this is the thing that Westerns ought to do. Coordinated by George Stevens the film Shane was made in 1953, the thought for the film was taken from a novel composed by Jack Schaefer. Jack Schaefer was an American writer, whose most popular novel Shane (1949) has been viewed as a definitive accomplishment in making a legendary western saint with an obscure past. The story followed the example of a traditional Greek disaster, where there will never be a way out from destiny. As an author Schaefer made his advancement with Shane (1949), a story of a gunman’s contribution with a homesteading family in Wyoming. Schaefer had never been west of Cleveland, however his vision of the West was so obvious, that his novel Shane was granted the best western novel at any point written in 1985. Alan Ladd who was conceived in Hot Springs, Arkansas plays Shane. Other principle characters incorporate Jean Arthur who plays Marion Starett, Van Heflin who plays Joe Starett and Brandon De Wilde who plays Joey. The titles are antiquated and are in customary techni shading. â€Å"George Stevens a creation of Shane† shows up on screen quickly followed by â€Å"Shane† in a dark red/orange shading. This is run of the mill of the time of 1953 in which these orange hues were trendy. You read How do the initial five minutes of â€Å"Shane† and â€Å"Bram Stoker’s Dracula† set up sort and account? in class Story articles The music used to go with these initial titles is solid with an euphoric inclination. The initial camera shots strengthen what we have quite recently observed and set up the class. The primary thing we are attracted to is the enormous open spaces, we are watching out over the plain, abandoned territory, out of sight there are huge mountains, these are encircled by low lying mists. The camera at that point clears over; this is the point at which we see a greater amount of the zone. We become mindful of a stag in the water encompassed by brambles. We get a brief look at little kid who is totally covered up by hedges. He is holding a rifle and focusing on the stag. He recognizes a man on horse back out there and looks surprised. The music abandons euphoric to boisterous and profound this makes a feeling of expectation and this is the thing that the maker means to accomplish when he joins a film by various temperaments of music. We are as of now posing inquiries, who is the man on the pony? , Who is the kid? It at that point slices to a man slashing wood with a hatchet we can hear a lady singing and catch a brief look at her. She has light hair and a delicate performing voice; she’s wearing a white shirt this makes her look unadulterated and immaculate. She is in the kitchen setting up a supper for her better half in nonexclusive authenticity we would hope to discover a lady in the kitchen and doing the housework while her significant other goes out to work. The man riding a horse who we become mindful is Shane is wearing a cattle rustler cap, cream top and beige pants with earthy colored tufts dangling from them. He is riding a horse and around his abdomen is a belt with scaled down pony cartwheels on. The music turns out to be increasingly strange and the scene that follows is brimming with expectation as Shane and Joe trade a couple of words. Shane produces a firearm and the music hits it’s most noteworthy point as the issue is settled the weapon is taken care of and a lighter more amiable music shows up. So far we have the cliché family: a little kid, a mum in the kitchen planning nourishment for her family and a father hacking wood for his family. At that point there’s Shane who fills our belief system. He comes in to upset this quiet family yet turns out not to be a danger. So what are we missing? The lowlifess. These come as the Ryker siblings. The Rykers and their force of firearm toting hoodlums ride by and take steps to run Starrett off his homestead. The Rykers, are savage agents, and have been attempting to free the valley of homesteaders so they can grow their farm. In the wake of seeing this mercilessness, Shane chooses to remain on and help out at the farm. Incited by Ryker’s young men, Shane joins the homesteader’s battle, going head to head with an employed gunman to make the valley ok for socialized people like the Starretts. While helping Shane begins to look all starry eyed at the spouse however he stays away keeping in mind the husband. This carries me to Bram Stoker’s Dracula. This is a film, which is consistent with the first content instead of the mallet house style; the confidence in Christianity is under inquiry and the film is fixated on Dracula’s relationship with life and after life. A storyteller presents Dracula this odd and baffling figure utilizes us to identify with him. We consider him to be an individual whose anguish has influenced his bond with time everlasting. Dracula speaks to a specter of what may befall us in the event that we happened to be in a similar circumstance as him. In the initial scene the foundation is soaked in red and we see the skirmish of two restricting powers, great and fiendishness. There are close shots of the structure and the red skies in the sky above gives it an undermining look. The titles don't show up unt

Credit Risk Assessment free essay sample

There requirements for a basic assessment of the most mainstream credit hazard appraisal strategies, for example, the critical strategy, credit-scoring and portfolio models alongside constraints utilized. Review talk with process is required for affirming that credit chance appraisal techniques ought to be joined for viable credit chance evaluation. In like manner, the examination proposes a structure for improving credit chance evaluation, which joins the qualities of these techniques and adapts effectively to consider constraints. Presentation Credit chance spreads chances due to overhauling or minimizing a borrowers credit value which depend ob the potential wellsprings of the hazard who the customer might be and who utilizes it as banks specifically are giving a lot of time and considerations to characterizing and overseeing credit chance. There are two wellsprings of vulnerability in credit hazard: default by involved with a money related agreement and an adjustment in the current estimation of future incomes that outcome from changes in monetary economic situations just as changes in the financial turn of events. Credit chance contemplations underlie capital sufficiency prerequisites guidelines that are required by monetary foundations however money related getting just as loaning exchanges are delicate to credit chance, to ensure themselves firms and people go to rating offices to get an evaluation of the dangers of securities, stocks and budgetary papers they may get and after a cautious perusing of these appraisals the speculators, banks and budgetary establishments continue to decrease these dangers utilizing hazard the board apparatuses. Hazard the executives is applied in fund. Budgetary financial aspects manages supporting issues in to arrange dispose of credit hazards in a specific portfolio through a progression of exchanges or authoritative understandings came to share and actuate a decrease of hazard by included gatherings. Hazard the executives should utilize budgetary instruments to nullify the impacts of hazard by utilizing better alternatives, agreements and credit configuration designs so such dangers are brought to tolerable monetary expenses as the apparatuses cost cash and requires a cautious adjusting of elements that influence charge card dangers. At the point when an organization awards credit to its clients it brings about the danger of non-installment as credit hazard the executives alludes to the frameworks, methodology and controls which an organization has set up to guarantee the distinctive assortment of customer installments and limit its dangers. Credit chance appraisal and the executives will frame a key piece of the companys by and large hazard the board methodology as feeble credit chance administration is an essential driver of numerous business disappointments and that such private company have neither the assets nor the mastery to work a sound credit chance administration framework. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES Research Questions Should individuals put resources into a given stock whose profits are not really unsurprising? Should individuals purchase a protection contract so as to shield themselves from robbery? Should credit firms be discerning and arrive at a choice based on what they know and abstract evaluation with the unfurling proof? What are the standards of discernment and limited objectivity? How to control credit chances in a monetary administration? What are the best possible hazard the executives devices and strategies to apply? Destinations To have a valuable appraisal of credit hazard in a budgetary administration It is essential to comprehend that no model is the impartially right one to use as the decision involves financial, individual and aggregate judgment saturated with mental and social qualities To give a way to deal with the choice of standard of decision reliable and sound in settling on it conceivable to accommodate a choice and its way of acknowledgment To be a functional speculator by tolerating a limited judiciousness and will bear some hazard at long last to have a fundamental inspiration for monetary hazard the board RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES Medium and little estimated money related organizations are headed to set up essential credit chance administration frameworks under specific measures. Since data got from self-evaluation can be helpful in a wide scope of exercises from fortifying danger the board frameworks to defining business system enormous differentials in business the executives are probably going to emerge among money related foundations relying upon the usage of this significant data. As the Bank of Japan has presented the Tracing Method of advantage evaluation and credit misfortunes so as to help monetary foundations to boost the utilization of their own appraisals as an administration device. The Tracing Method is utilized to watch changes in the state of individual resources in a period arrangement and is one approach to use money related establishments self-evaluation of benefits. The Bank led a subsequent investigation in the ongoing on location assessment to break down what number of the credits arranged in the past assessment (1993-94) were later discounted and others comparable to monetary misfortunes from help by renunciation of cases, and misfortunes from deals of nonperforming advances to the Helpful Credit Purchasing Company. The experimental examination utilizing the Tracing Method proposes the accompanying purposes of significance for upgrading credit chance administration. 1. Significance of fortifying the early admonition capacities It is essential to control credits named inadequate in light of the fact that the probability of advance misfortunes as far as discounts and others arriving at a considerable size in the long haul may change significantly relying upon the ampleness of the drawn out administration of this order of advances. . Significance of using factual techniques which spread the life expectancy of advances For instance, for advances, there is an inclination for the advance misfortune proportion to ascend after the third year following the appraisal. 3. Significance of maintaining a strategic distance from advance fixation Financial establishments with exceptionally gathered credits as far as industry had higher advance misfortune proportions, while fou ndations with differentiated advance portfolios had moderately low proportions. 4. Significance of social affair budgetary foundations own default information for hazard measurement The Tracing Method covers every one of these information and upgrades foundation of money related organizations own default information for credit chance evaluation. There is a continuation to check and screen the credit hazard the executives frameworks at monetary foundations on the off-site premise and furthermore during the on location assessment in a more hazard engaged, consistent and adaptable way, mulling over individual establishments conditions. What's more, there keep on utilizing research strategies for evaluating acknowledge hazards just as leading follow-up examination of the Tracing Method, in accordance with the overall pattern to additionally upgrade credit chance appraisal inside the money related administration. In-house credit scoring improves speed and precision. SAS Credit Risk Management incorporates an answer for in-house scorecard advancement and checking. Applying SAS progressed factual procedures to claim restrictive credit information empowers individual to perform progressively precise credit chance appraisals. The arrangement bolsters a wide scope of demonstrating methods including order trees, neural systems, time-arrangement displaying and others. Utilizing the SAS arrangement, individual can create complex move rate models, anticipate misconducts and perform vintage bend examination to produce exceptionally exact credit misfortune conjectures. When the examination is finished, adjustable formats empower reports to be distributed by means of email or remote gadgets and permit supervisors to rapidly recognize issues and meet administrative necessities identified with credit chance. Foreseen FINDINGS/CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE Credit Policy is then pivotal for the evaluation The administration of records receivable starts with the choice whether to allow credit to a client on how much and what terms as it is a legitimate beginning stage for the assessment of credit approach to incorporate the companys frameworks and methods. Credit strategy should be worked in a reasonable manner and on the off chance that it is worked excessively, at that point the deals and benefits will be lost and on the off chance that it is less worked, at that point danger of non installment and terrible obligation will increment. There needs to have a proper procedure for taking care of credit by the money related administration in order to stay away from significant dangers all the while. There needs to apply and make a perfect credit choice, choosing the correct clients that will be given the award for credit in deciding individual credit constraints, it is critical to know about the credit guidelines that must be satisfactory by the two sides of the procedure which is the evaluation of potential clients credit quality. There needs to have a reasonable credit terms and conditions and a progressively available assortment strategy to stay away from credit hazard events. The choice to concede credit to a dubious record requires an appraisal of whether the record is one of a gathering for which as a gathering benefits after awful obligation misfortunes will take into consideration a least a negligibly worthy rate of return. It relies first upon the assessment of the credit hazard on the appraisal of the probability of getting reimbursed or losing the merchandise sent using a loan. There needs to make sense of what the benefit of the record will be in the event that it demonstrates fruitful. The more productive the record, the more noteworthy the credit hazard that can be happen as a high hazard client may not get credit from banks however can get adequate lines from money organizations as particular kinds of credit dangers have been discovered amendable to equation assessment once the significant credit qualities have been recognized. Most business credit is as yet allowed after an individual assessment of a credit demand in lieu of utilizing factor approach in breaking down and conceding acknowledge advances as Mastercard organizations have embraced such method simultaneously. The methodology can't be legitimately be applied to clients whose business is critical to the undertaking that it doesn't speak to a gathering as credit ought to be allowed to significant clients relativ

Society and Free Will in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest - Literature Essay Samples

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey was published in 1962. The fifties and early sixties were a time of conformity versus rebellion in the United States. While the average breadwinner was returning to a suburban living room lit up with Father Knows Best, Allen Ginsberg was in Greenwich writing â€Å"Howl† to criticize the mechanization and conformity of modern society, Pollock was spattering a canvas with paint, Kinsey was redefining sexuality, and Kesey was publishing One Flew (â€Å"Voices against Conformity). These themes of rebellion which marked the era are mirrored in Kesey’s novel, the story of an unnamed ward in a mental hospital and the patients who reside there. The ward is headed by Nurse Ratched, the head nurse, who rules the ward with fear and manipulation until Randal McMurphy, a man who feigns insanity to get out of the prison work camp, arrives to shake things up. McMurphy refuses to be subjugated by the system of manipulation by which t he Nurse rules the ward. His aim to dethrone Nurse Ratched begin as a bet he makes among the men that he can â€Å"Bug her till she comes apart at those neat little seams,† within a week, but as the novel continues his carefree rebellion eventually evolves into a desperate battle to retain his free will and identity, a fight which he ultimately loses (Kesey 72). His spirit, however, will inspire the other patients to take control of their own lives, at least temporarily. The story is told through the eyes of one of the patients, a troubled half-Native American named Chief Bromden, who is witness to McMurphy’s struggle against the powers which are determined to control him. This novel mainly focuses on the effect of society on an individual’s free will and calls for a break from the social contract of our society, which punishes differences and infringes on our right to self-determination. In order to be part of a civil society, each individual must give up some measure of self-determination. Without an implicit agreement that binds us as a people and sets rules for our governance and social behavior, there could only be anarchy, each person working solely for personal interest (Friend). This idea has been outlined most famously by two natural law theorists John Locke and Thomas Hobbes (D.). The two men believed in the â€Å"Social Contract† the idea that individuals enter into a voluntary and mutual agreement to create a society with the power to secure the protection of its people, however the two men interpreted it slightly differently (â€Å"Social Contract†). Locke believed that the individual gives up his right to obtain his own justice in return for the protection of his welfare and the security of a powerful and impartial justice system (D.). Hobbes, who was of the opinion that life was â€Å"Nasty, brutish, and short† thought an individual gave up all personal rights in exchange for only the protection of his life (D.). While both Locke and Hobbes are in agreement that a certain degree of self-determination must be relinquished to be part of a society, they disagree on whether the social contract can be broken. John Locke believed the social contract could and should be broken if people felt their basic rights were being infringed on, but Hobbes held that the individual had no rights and once entered into, the social contract could never be broken(D.). There are two social contracts functioning in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the first being the Lockian social contract of our society, which in addition to protecting and regulating the justice of its people also pressures them into conformity, shaming those who do not adhere to what it rules as socially acceptable. The second is that of the ward. The ward is separate from society and the rules are different. Nurse Ratched creates a Hobbesian social contract inside the ward which demands that the patients give up their free will in exchange for protection from the Outside World. In the ward, the patients have entered into a kind of social contract, in the style of Hobbes, with Nurse Ratched. They relinquish the entirety of their free will by staying in the ward, a society in and of itself, voluntarily allowing her to mistreat them in return for protection from the Outside World. Each man has a reason to be in the ward: Chief Bromden is schizophrenic, Billy has a crippling stutter, and Sefelt is epileptic. Nurse Ratched says the men â€Å"are in [the ward] because [they] could not adjust to the rules of society† (Kesey 188), but in reality it was society that was unwilling to adjust to them; it found their â€Å"defects† unacceptable and tried to punish them for being different, beating them down with â€Å"the great voice of millions chanting, â€Å"Shame. Shame. Shame†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (294). Billy tries to explain this to McMurphy, saying â€Å"Did you ever have people l-l-laughing at you? No, because you’re so big and tough! Well, I’m not big and tough. Neither is Harding. Neither is F-Fredrickson. Neither is Suh-Sefelt. Oh-oh, you-you t-talk like we stayed in here because we liked it!† (184). Divergent from the Hobbes theory of the social contract, the men are free to break the agreement, by leaving the ward, at any time , but as Billy said they do not have the guts to reenter the society that rejected them. The men use the ward as an asylum, if a hellish one, from the Outside World and the cruelty of the people who inhabit it. While they do not like the ward, or Nurse Ratched, they at least feel as if they belong there, among other rejects and misfits like themselves. They also allow themselves to be controlled by Nurse Ratched. While it is not enjoyable, they let her manipulate them primarily because it is better than the Outside World but also because they are lost, in a fog, like the Chief’s drug induced haze in which â€Å"You had a choice: you could either strain and look at things that appeared in front of you in the fog, painful as it might be, or you could relax and lose yourself† (125). The men do not know who they are or what they should do with their unsatisfying existences, and it is easier to forget themselves and completely surrender their free will than to break free of the fog and take responsibility for their lives (Martin). Chief Bromden is one such patient, who has surrendered his free will to the point of feigning muteness. He is the initially passive witness to the happenings of the ward, narrating for us all he sees. Chief Bromden is the son of a Chinook chief and a white town girl. He takes after his father physically, tall as a horse and strong, but he takes his mother’s last name. These two conflicting identities, exacerbated by the horrors of war create an identity crisis which he cannot resolve (Ware). He sees the deterioration of his people’s way of life, at the hand of government officials. Society has rejected him more because he is half-native American than because he is schizophrenic, but instead of laughing at him like the other men, the Outside World ignores him, swept him under the table and tried to forget him. He recalls, â€Å"It wasnt me that started acting deaf; it was people that first started acting like I was too dumb to hear or see or say anything at all,† (Kesey 198). While his muteness is symbolic of his powerlessness, he feels like he has no voice; it helps him in that it allows him to hear and see things which are hidden from others. He sees and narrates for us the hate of the orderlies and the system of fear and machine like precision with which Nurse Ratched runs the ward. A system which is interrupted by the arrival of McMurphy, who swaggers in, his hands big, shoulders broad, voice â€Å"Loud and full of hell,† (11). The Chief recognizes in McMurphy all the traits society has stolen from him; while the Chief feels small and keeps silent, McMurphy is big and loud. While the Chief is in constant hiding, McMurphy does not hide from anyone. During the Chief’s first encounter with McMurphy, Chief Bromden describes that when McMurphy shook his hand it felt â€Å"peculiar and went to swelling up out there on my stick of an arm, like he was transmitting his own blood into it. It rang with blood and power. It blowed up n ear as big as his, I remember,(24). This foreshadows the strength McMurphy will invigorate the patients of the ward with, especially Chief Bromden who has the opportunity to become â€Å"big† again, but also how it will cost McMurphy dearly, the strength he transmits to the other patients comes directly from his own life source (Martin). By the end of the novel Chief Bromden’s strength is returned to him and he begins to speak again. He uses his new found power to smother the newly lobotomized McMurphy, saving his body and his legacy from any further corruption by Nurse Ratched. Nurse Ratched can be mistaken for the force which creates all the men’s problems, but in fact she is subject to injustice from the same society which has injured them. She has been forced into an ill-fitting role by a society that does not view women as equal to men. In many ways she is, if not a victim, certainly a product of this environment. As a woman, she has no power in society, and must, at least outwardly, adhere to the position of a caretaker, society’s role for women. Her skills set however, which boasts master manipulation and subterfuge, is more suited to a CIA interrogator or politician than a healer. Because she has been deprived of any power in the Outside World, she demands it in the ward and preserves it by keeping the men down, exacerbating their feelings of shame and low self-worth instead of trying to help them. The men of the ward see Nurse Ratched as the ultimate antagonist. She seems so powerful to them as to control not only the men themselves bu t time, speeding it up or slowing it down as she pleases. Our narrator, however, recognizes â€Å"it’s the whole Combine, the nation-wide Combine that’s the really big force, and the nurse is just a high-ranking official for them† (Kesey 181). The Combine is what Chief Bromden call’s society’s initiative to make everyone uniform, he says it is something you couldnt whip†¦ for good. All you could do was keep on whipping it, till you couldnt come out any more and somebody else had to take your place (303). McMurphy as well realizes Nurse Ratched is not all powerful, he says to the men â€Å"getting shut of her wouldn’t be getting shut of the real deep down hang up that’s causing the gripes,† (181). While he cannot pin point the real source of their problems, he recognizes it is not the nurse. She is just a hateful woman, and proves this point in his final act against her when he rips her uniform off, exposing her femininity which is seen as synonymous with weakness. While victory over a woman who has subjugated and belittled these men for years is a feat, it is outweighed by the grim realization that the men do not realize the Nurse is only a product of the injustice of their society, not the cause of all the injustice. They think the fight is over, and they won, they do not recognize the true nature or the magnitude of what they hope to be free of, and are therefore more vulnerable to it than ever. Unlike the patients or Nurse Ratched, McMurphy is free of the deforming effects of society. He is a man who lives his life on the edge of society, enjoying its pleasures but refusing to comply with its rules. This is in part because he has no ties to society, he has â€Å"no wife wanting new linoleum. No relatives pulling at him with watery old eyes. No one to care about,† (Kesey 89). He can take care of himself so he doesn’t need society to protect him, and if there is any justice to be exacted, he would like to do it personally, therefore he has nothing to gain from upholding the rules of society (D.). A crucial part of the social contract is an agreement to follow common laws, these include the laws set up by the government of a society but also the social rules that a people agree upon, which outlines acceptable and unacceptable behavior (Friend). McMurphy disregards both of these, most notably by unapologetically sleeping with an underage girl; not only does this v iolate the social rule we have as a society which bars adults from having sex with children, but also infringes on the law set by our government which reinforces this belief. At the start of the novel, McMurphy defies the social contract not, as Locke would hope, to protect his human rights, but because he does not want to be constrained by society’s rules. When he is first admitted, McMurphy’s antics are only a continuation of this behavior, he is as unwilling to submit to the ward’s rules as he was to the Outside World’s, however, as the novel continues his behavior changes from a casual flouting of the rules for amusement and personal gain to a more desperate fight (Martin). McMurphy cannot understand this change, although he must certainly feel it, just as he cannot fully recognize the hopeless nature of his fight, but he continues, even when he has nothing to gain, even when the consequences are excessive and cruel because it is not in him to give up . He proves again and again that he is willing to suffer exorbitantly to retain his right to decide his fate, even if the only choices available are awful. It is unclear, however, whether this behavior can truly be considered an exercise in self-determination. Chief Bromden’s father told him, If you do not watch it people will force you one way or the other into doing what they think you should do, or into just being mule-stubborn and doing the opposite just out of spite. This belief suggests that McMurphy’s decision to do the opposite of what Nurse Ratched’s wants might not be an expression of his free will because it is still the Nurse who is controlling his actions (198). In the end, Nurse Ratched succeeds in taking McMurphy’s free will but his influence survives him. After the illicit party and her involuntary undressing, Nurse Ratched has McMurphy lobotomized and leaves his empty body in the middle of the ward, like Achilles dragging Hector’s body around the walls of Troy. The men, however, refuse to believe it is him, claiming it is a fake and just another of the nurse’s tricks. The men thwart her every attempt to regain power, and Nurse Ratched is helpless to stop the fourteen men who are finally empowered to break the social contract of the ward and leave, taking control of their lives for the first time since they were committed. Even our narrator finds the strength he thought he had lost and rips the chrome panel from the floor of the tub-room, breaking a window and escaping into the night. However triumphant this may seem, it is not a full victory, if a victory at all. We do not know whether the men will continue to be the captains of their own lives or recede back into their roles as passive witnesses. Nurse Ratched was never the real problem, cruel as she was, she only had as much power as the men gave her. It was both the injustice of a society which convinced them they were worthless and more importantly their willingness to let someone else decide their fate that were the real problems. When they are back in the real world and subject once again to its pressures and rules there will be more forces which seek to control them than there were in the ward where there was only Nurse Ratched. On their return, their wives, their bosses, and the social rules of society will all serve to subjugate them. If they slip back into old habits and allow any of these forces to control them then the progress they made is lost and McMurphy’s sacrifice was for nothing. Maybe the new contract that they are signing is no better than the previous one, but they have the power to demand better, even break the con tract, if their right to self-determination is not honored. Yet they must fight for that, and without McMurphy, it isn’t clear that they have the strength. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest society is vilified; authority and order take a heavy beating as well. However, I do not believe the novel is advocating for an upheaval of civilized society as a whole, only for removal of the injustice that is allowed to corrupt it (Barsness 29). McMurphy’s battle against Nurse Ratched is a reminder that although a binding agreement between people is necessary for a civilized society, and some portion of self-determination must be given up, each individual has an inalienable right to practice self-determination. This novel holds that the individual should never be so complacent or afraid as to dismantle a system which interferes with that inherent right, however impossible the task may seem. McMurphy knew he was fighting a losing battle, but he kept on. However futile it may seem, there is something to be said for fighting a fight you know you will lose, if only to prove to those watching that it is something worth fighting for. Afte r McMurphy failed to lift the tub room panel, he said, But I tried though†¦ Goddammit, I sure as hell did that much† (Kesey 121). As the novel continues this statement builds in significance. The lifting of the panel comes to symbolize McMurphy’s fight; he puts his whole self into trying to lift it, when the other men aren’t even willing to try. While he is never able to lift it himself, McMurphy’s efforts eventually inspire the Chief to try and succeed to lift the panel and use it to break a window to his freedom. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest not only challenges society but also encourages the individual to fight like McMurphy did, not only for personal preservation but also to inspire others to fight for themselves. McMurphy understood that when he stood up, he was standing up for everyone (Angelou). Works Cited Angelou, Maya. The Distinguished Annie Clark Tanner Lecture. 16th-annual Families Alive Conference. Weber State Universit, Ogden. Iowa State University Archives of Womens Political Communication. 2015 The Carrie Chapman Catt Center, n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. Barsness, John A. Ken Kesey: The Hero in Modern Dress. Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association 23.1 (1969): 27-33. JSTOR. Web. 17 Apr. 2015. D., James. Locke versus Hobbes. Jamess Liberty file collection index. Ed. James D. James D., n.d. Web. 13 May 2015. Friend, Celeste. Social Contract Theory. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2015. Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. New York: Penguin, 1962. Print. Martin, Terence. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and the High Cost of Living. Modern Fiction Studies 19.1 (1973): 43-55. Blooms Literature. Web. 13 May 2015. Social Contract. Dictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2015. Voices against Conformity. U.S. History Pre-Columbian to the New Millenium. Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia, n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. Ware, Elaine. The Vanishing American: Identity Crisis in Ken Keseys One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest. The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 13.3/4 (1986): 95-101. JSTOR. Web. 13 May 2015.

Analysis of Robert Frost´s Poem Out, Out Essay - 744 Words

Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Out, Out –â€Å" is about a boy who has his arm sawed off during work and asks his sister not to let the doctor amputate his arm, he then realizes he’s lost too much blood and then dies while doctors try to save him. After his death everyone else continues on with their work and lives. Frost uses a lot of end-stopped lines, enjambment, repetition and personification among others in his lines of poetry. Frost uses a lot of end-stopped lines and enjambment in the lines of his poem. Both have an effect on the way the poem is read by the readers. The lines which use end-stops can be found throughout the beginnings of the poem. â€Å"And from there those that lifted eyes could count/ Five mountain ranges one behind the other/†¦show more content†¦Nature is calm and serene, while this boy’s life has changed in a matter of seconds from living to dead in a tragic event. The end-stopped lines and enjambments are used very well in the remainder of the poem. Frost’s poem is interesting because he uses personification and repetition in describing the saw, the saw is given life; it â€Å"snarled† and â€Å"rattled†. Frost talks about the saw as though it were a person when â€Å"as it ran light, or had to bear a load† like the saw can feel the weight of its work. The narrator depicts the scene as the saw and the boy interacting in a human way. â€Å"As if to prove saws know what supper meant, / Leaped out at the boy’s hand, or seemed to leap –â€Å" The boy and the saw connect during the boys excitement over dinner and Frost makes it seem as though the saw was also excited leading to them both jumping. The saw is personified again as it is said to have leaped to meet the hand and then cut it off. The following line continues the same way. â€Å"Neither refused the meeting. But the hand!† The saw is brought to life and it becomes the antagonist in the poem as it chops off the boy’s hand and not once does Frost blame the boy in the accident. After the hand is chopped off the saw is not mentioned again as the poem continues with the boy. Frost has a compelling way of writing the poem, in the beginnings of the poem there is a lot of metaphors and descriptions of the setting and the saw and the boy. Once the boy is injuredShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken Analysis987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Road Not Taken Analysis The Road Not Taken is a poem written by Robert Frost. This poem is a great candidate to be one of the world s best and this analysis will unveil why it is so. The poetic devices used in the poem bring forth its deeper meaning which ultimately resonates with the reader s emotions. However not only this poem is great because of the literary experience it gives but it is also beautiful on a simple structural level. First lets look at the structural aspectRead MoreModern F. 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If You Were a Newspaper Publisher in a Local Community free essay sample

Newspaper is the most trusted information source that been used to deliver updated information to the whole people in the world. The newspaper industry dwarfs others media by almost every its operation and procedure. Newspaper, as we know, it issued by daily and weekly, consists with folded sheets containing news, advertisement, correspondence and feature articles. Deliver people a lot of information such as what was happened yesterday will be issued in the newspaper tomorrow.Feature articles may contain tremendous issues such as earthquakes, floods, wars, death of very an important person and many more. News are also may deliver via other mass medium such as television and radio. Perhaps they may stolen the glitz and romance of the newspaper once had, which people may miss about how much important is the newspaper. Unfortunately, newspaper is a large industry that occurs in every measure and even facing in crisis enough whereby readers among youngsters are hard to find like to read newspapers. According Thomas Jefferson, the Third American United States President, said that â€Å" were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. But I should mean that every man should receive those papers and be capable†. He displays that how much important is newspaper in daily life, which people are started to miss its significance.In most community, newspapers covers more news at greater depth in competing other media. A metropolitan daily, such as The News Strait Times, Utusan Malaysia, and The Star typically convey more news and more than television and radio’s news. Currently, as publishers, journalists, reporters and other positions that involved in newspaper industry, are facing a big question.For example in our country, in this era of globalization, we can see that young people are tend to avoid reading newspaper and this shows that the young people are dislike to read newspaper, obviously, when we see in the morning, most of customer’s of newspapers are consist by working people in the age of 35 years old and above and it seen as gloominess in publisher’s view. Questions are turn up in all the newspapers publisher’s organization. In this essay, I would like to d iscuss more about why do young people dislike to read newspaper, how to attract youngsters to read newspaper and should the newspaper writing style as to be simplified in order to be more accessible to young people. In my mind, if I were a publisher, the questions that almost appear, are newspapers dead? Does the youngsters have no interest in reading news in print? These questions generate many debates among media experts. In this view, newspaper needs people to read. In our sophisticated millennium generation, there are plenty of people that don’t know how to read. We go to school and we do learn reading. Reading habit is the basic of education and there are variety types of stories in reading interest.Mythologies of young people as readers in general and stereotypical too, viewed by Gavin Rheeder, the Manager of marketing communication of Beeld, perpetuates five myths of Afrikaans which are young people are in the homogenous group, young people don’t like to read, young people prefer more soft news and they prefer slang language than proper language. Research about the newspaper readers tells that it comes in all categories of ages, no matter old, middle ages and young which in grabbing higher percentage of newspaper readers are old people in majority. Youngsters knowledgeable as a group that has more interest on entertainment such as celebrities, movies and other leisure, likely more to social lifestyle. Obviously, newspaper is not dead in old generation, unfortunately, young people dislikes to read newspaper due of their interest in leisure and enjoyment. In the other side, young people are inspected that they have a high interest in reading comics such as Dragon Ball, Doraemon, novels such as romance and love types, fiction and imaginaries- Harry Potter as an example, gains trillions profits and royalties in print media which attract the youngsters to read the novels, consisting series.Twilight as other example, are also publishing the novels in series, after it comes out with a movie. Magazines as well captivate young people increasingly and it highlighted the updates of fashions, lifestyle and most of it are the stories and gossips among celebrities. Youngsters are tends to idol their favorite celebrities as their icons. Newsp aper, as well too, do appear the section of entertainment, but the problem is, young people gravitate towards entertainment pages only. Often happened, young people are observed, they hold the newspapers and despite reading important and educational articles, they read gossips and celebrities news. Nevertheless, young people gain less other part of educational information. For instances, lake in science and economical knowledge and in results, youngsters obtain imbalance information and have minor knowledge. In order to improve the number of readers among young people to read newspaper, tips and tricks has to think due to solve the problem.For me, as a publisher of newspaper, we should arise more attracting and interesting issues. For example, publishing newspaper in university, we should take note the student’s interest and deliver educational information that comes along with their interests such as discuss the problem that has faced by student and instructing a section for student give their feedbacks and responses of any future and highlight news so that they can speak out what they want and their curiosit y. Words of the day, thoughts, quotes and phrases are also may magnetize student’s attention. Advertisement such as printing, books and shops are also needed in order to give and provide tips and facile student to search what they need. In addition, by put some funny comics or something character of cartoons may also alluring readers attention and give some relaxation before the readers keep on reading the news. For an example, newspaper such as Kosmo, today, captured student interests and diversions. This show that student are attracted with its contents where they can send and give their responses, critics and praises.In the other side, arising the question that involving the credibility of newspaper should publisher simplified its writing style. As for me, newspaper should not simplify its writing style. Writing style is the credibility of newspaper that we can’t interrogate. Discussing about credibility of newspaper, western media would call our county’s mainstream media with labels such as pro-government, docile and others. But it is not about being docile, where in our country as well, we have to obey the rule and regulation.According Lee Kuan Yew, ex-president of Singapore said that, â€Å" freedom of the press, freedom of the news media, must be subordinated to the overriding need of integrity of Singapore, and to the primacy of purpose of an elected government. Singapore wants mass media to reinforce, not to undermine, the cultural values and social attitudes being inculcated in schools and universities. â€Å" This shows that we, as publisher, should count up with some other sensitive issues that shouldn’t been discuss in newspaper such as culture, religions and races issues.Malaysia is country that practiced democracy and consist variety types of races and religions, such as Chinese, Malay, Iban, Bidayuh, Melanau, Indian and many more. Press may be separate and being independent of the government but, circumstances has to be count due to prevent unexpected feedbacks from readers will happen. Simplify writing style such as changing proper English to slang English should not occur in the newspaper. It may decay the pride and credibility of newspaper. For instance, the word of want to change to wanna.Newspaper known as a formal reading item which the readers are come from many stages of people. King, Sultan, Prime Minister and other ministers do read newspaper. In other words, changing writing style of newspaper should not exist in order to protect the credibility of newspaper. Young people may see newspaper as a gloom and dull reading utilities, and to fix this perception, it is significant to us as the publisher to tell readers that newspaper is a vehicle in cater and deliver useful information to all people in this world. Newspaper in other words, is a reading item that brings us information and knows what happen in other country. War in Afghanistan for instance, newspaper comes out the articles and discuss by the gurus all over the world. Nevertheless, newspaper function as the medium that connect all people in this wide world to give support and decline for any bad temptation that had exist and happened on earth. Latest news, earthquake that just happened in Philippines drag public to know more about it, and as we can see, newspapers put this natural disaster as the main article.In conclusion, people needs newspaper in order to update news and in addition, it is the cheapest mass medium that can be own every people, no matter he or she is rich or poor. Newspaper definitely act as truthful information source and being fair to people. Proved by Herbert Bayard Swope, an American Journalist and Editor said that,† the first duty of a newspaper is to be accurate. If it be accurate, it follows that is fair â€Å" World is seems half empty without newspaper.

Using Research and Writing Services For Your Online Business

Using Research and Writing Services For Your Online BusinessWriting and research can be a huge task, however there are services that can help you with this. Research and writing services will use their research skills to find out what people want to read and then research the topics themselves. In this way they can provide specific content on their research findings to be published and used by the other writers.One thing to remember when using a research and writing services is that it has to be original. Many writers have already done this work for thousands of articles for thousands of websites in many languages and content categories. If you have a fresh, original idea, chances are you will be writing about it elsewhere. To ensure you write something that will stand out and also make a difference you should not overdo your research.However, if you want to be original and find your niche, this is fine too. Just make sure that your research and writing services know what they are ta lking about and can give you an idea of the style and content that you will need to achieve success. By learning about what is important to other websites you can create a much better topic for yourself.The way the subject and the style should come from the research and writing services should be clear to the client and the reader. Your own ideas about what you want to say should be clearly communicated to the research and writing services. You should be able to tell them what you want to say and they should understand that. Not only that, but they should be able to show you the layout of the website that you want to write for.The writing services can be used to develop the content for your website as well as edit the articles before publishing them. The more you use the research and writing services for the more professional the finished products will be and the more people will be drawn to your website.It is possible to find writers who specialise in research and writing services, but they will cost you a lot more than those who do writing just general articles. However, this does not mean that they will be less qualified, only that you will pay more for the service than someone who will only be doing research. Once you are happy with the results of the work, you will be able to hire them for a wide range of different projects.Writing is a time consuming task and research have to be done so that a great article can be written and delivered to the public. By taking part in research and writing services you will save time and frustration, as well as maximising your potential and getting a lot more clients to your website. What's more, your work will be used by hundreds of other companies and websites.The writing services will help you improve the quality of your writing by providing you with good advice, feedback and even advanced software that can be used to help you with grammar and style. They can provide your content with editorial assistance and the best possible format that will be easy to understand and use. At the end of the day, a good research and writing service will take a quality article and turn it into a winner.